Prostate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prostate - Essay Example Benign prostatic hypertrophy is a nonmalignant growth of the prostate that is generated by overgrowth of the fibromuscular and epithelium flesh of the peri-urethral zone and the transition area. This illness is common in men aged fifty years and above. Its clinical presentation includes obstruction of urine flow, urethra compression, frequent urination, not being able to start urinating and leaking and urgency or dribbling (Zhou, Netto & Epstein, 2012). In regard to diagnostic testing, microscopic hematuria initial evaluation is done on a patient, the presence of palpable induration or nodularity of the prostate on digital rectal assessment reveals the condition. Prostate cancer does not cause any signs at all and can present at any level of the illness. In most cases, the cancer occurs in the prostate gland periphery and the signs arise when they have developed to compress the urethra or attack the sphincter. The prostate cancer presents in urinary tract obstruction (LUTS) symptoms. The LUTS is in three distinct groups associated with the post-micturition symptoms, storage of urine and voiding (Tewari, 2013). In regard to diagnostic testing, prostate cancer is diagnosed using imaging techniques such as MRI to detect tumors that are clinically significant. The treatment of prostatitis is difficult because of the presence of inhibited penetration of most antibiotics across prostatic epithelium and through the non-fenestrated prostatic capillaries to the infected fluids and tissues. The patient must be advised that the preferred drug is fluoroquinolone because of its quality of good penetration through the prostate. The time of antibiotic therapy is usually 2-4 weeks, and that depends on the severe nature of the illness. The patient is then reviewed for clinical symptoms and signs (Koda-Kimble & Alldredge, 2013). When patients suffer from mild symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy there no need for alarm but they should be

CanGo Essay Example for Free

CanGo Essay Issue 1: No clear strategy for expansion CanGo has had its success, and now they are looking into the future. Their question is, â€Å"What’s going to help them grow?† and as Liz said, â€Å"Turn them into a mighty oak.† CanGo recognizes that branching out and delving into new territory will be profitable and its popular with investors since they’re thinking of going for an IPO. The possibilities of adding e-books, streaming audio and video is hip but they also recognize that the online gaming industry is on the cutting edge for growth. With all of the brainstorming ideas CanGo has they do recognize there’s a scarcity of resources such as capital and people. Recommendation: The management team at CanGo is full of ideas related to expanding its product line. Liz has mentioned the possibility of E-books, music and video, and Andrew suggests online gaming. Expansion is just one topic, as the company is considering offering IPO (initial public offering). The brass is contemplating major decisions without professional guidance. The employees will soon be asked to juggle more responsibilities, without the appropriate resources. CanGo should seek additional consultation specific to the objectives it wants to achieve. In addition, the company must consider the risk and where to allocate resources to be maximize profit. Furthermore, there will have to be some degree of advertising and marketing to generate interests. CanGo feels that the best way to handle new ventures is to use in-house employees. Pulling employees from jobs they are already doing will no doubt take away from quality. We recommend that Warren and Liz take into consideration the opportunity cost of expanding at this time. Will the benefits outweigh the cost of expanding. Issue 2: No capital for expansion CanGo must consider how to combine its limited resources to produce the best mix of goods and services. A cost-benefit analysis will help them measure the cost and the benefits correctly. They will need to think about two types of analysis (1) Marginal Analysis and (2) Cost-Benefit Analysis. Recommendation: Performing a marginal analysis will examine how the costs and benefits change in response to their incremental changes in actions. Any additional action that CanGo does will bring about additional cost so, type of analysis will determine if the expected benefits of their actions exceed the added cost. It was mentioned casually that the only source of capital as an IPO. This point was expounded upon by the poor sandwiches being provided. I don’t think Warren made the comment to be rude, but to illustrate the point that financial capitol is limited – especially in terms of expansion. CanGo is generating interest in its industry and community. The time is ripe to offer an initial public offering. CanGo needs professional guidance in analyzing what is value and assess the possibilities of an IPO. It may consider taking advantage of its success in Japan. CanGo’s IPO does not have to be confined to its locality; it has to start thinking international in scope. Its popularity in Japan alone may generate the capitol necessary to expand in product, personnel, and infrastructure.

Effects of globalization in singapore

Effects of globalization in singapore For more than 40 years, Singapore has enjoyed economic success, allowing Singaporeans to have a raised quality of life and standard of living. However, due to this increase in standard of living, this has caused income disparity (Yeoh, 2007/2008) among Singaporeans, between the low income families and the high income families. This widening income gap was due to the side effects of the Singapore governments pro growth policies (Yeoh, 2007/2008). However, the income gap was pushed even more by globalisation and the recessions from December 2007 until now, 2011. This caused the depression the unskilled workers salaries while inflating the skilled workers salaries. Thus, this caused the widening income gap in Singapore. Due to the widening income gap, Singaporeans have become more aware of the differences in income among Singaporeans, which causes them to be more â€Å"class-conscious†. If the widening income gap continues to widen would cause unthinkable economic, social and political impacts in Singapore. The main challenge policy makers face today is to seek a balance between income disparity reduction, economic growth and budget feasibility (Yeoh, 2007/2008). The policies are mainly to help the lower income families with the proper opportunities in order for them to move up the social and financial ladder. Policy makers should be aware that an overly egalitarian approach towards reducing income inequality is suboptimal. On the whole, the government needs to face the issue of widening income gap with an emphatic heart and mind, thinking for the needs of the people. BACKGROUND Singapore, which used to be a small fishing village, has done well in the last decades of the twentieth century to rise from an entreport centre to be a global city and a developed nation. It had resolved most issues pertaining to underdevelopment and had developed the needed institutions to prepare its survival in the twenty-first century. From 2000-2008, these years mark the period in which globalization as a process affected all parts of the world. These years were significant politically, socially and economically for Singapore. (Amaldas, 2009) One part in this paper that we would like to focus on is the issue of the widening income gap in Singapore. In this paper, we would be discussing about how the widening income gap is linked to globalisation and what measures are used to solve it, as well as the impacts and reasons for the manifestation of widening income gap. Globalization is defined as the free movements of goods, services and capital across borders. It is a contentious process by which the western market economies have effectively spread across the globe. Although it does not constitute a new phenomenon, it is viewed as an inexorable integration of markets, nations and technologies to a degree never witnessed before in a way that is enabling individuals, and corporations to reach around the world further, faster, deeper and more economically than ever before (Heshmati, 2003). Globalization causes rapid changes in trade relations, financial flows, and mobility of labour across the world. The development has brought the economies of developed countries closer together and more strongly interrelated. However, there is a large heterogeneity in the degree of globalization process over time and across countries and regions. This heterogeneity causes disparity in development and urges the need for research to find sources of disparity and quantification of its magnitude and impacts (Heshmati, 2003). Many scholars regard globalization as a force which will inevitably bring about the decline (Held, 1995), erosion (Hall, 1991) or the end (Ohmae, 1995) of the nation-state. As the argument goes, the process of globalization in its various manifestations is increasingly undermining the territorial boundedness, sovereignty and traditional role of the existing system of the modern nation-state. With other major countries such as America and India facing the problem of the widening income gap as their countries continue to evolve, one major aim of this paper is to understand the risks of the widening income gap if Singapore ever falls into the trap with the advancement of our country. WIDENING INCOME GAP Economic inequality (or wealth and income differences) comprises all disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income. Widening income gap refers to the differences of income received by the employees and is a global phenomenon caused by globalisation. Due to globalisation, the elite and higher-educated are coveted for their expertise, hence the demand for these professionals causes their salary to be raised higher. Those at the lower-income group however suffer from globalisation as the jobs available are scarce; hence, their salaries are pushed lower because many people are fighting for the same job. This is called widening income gap. The Gini coefficient is a standard measure of income inequality. It is given as a means of multiple observations for a given country in a given year. The multiplicity of observations is due to the different definitions of income, area coverage and units of measurement (Heshmati, 2003). The Gini Coefficient ranges between 0, where there is no concentration which is perfect equality, and 1 where there is total concentration which is perfect inequality (Slack and Rodrigue, 1998). Absolute poverty is where people do not have sufficient access to food, shelter, and clothing to provide a basic level of physical and mental development (Duncan, 2000). National Household Income In Singapore, the household income from work in 2010 increased due to strong economic growth. Median monthly household income from work in 2010 recovered to above the level before the economic downturn in 2009. Among resident households, median monthly income from work increased by 3.1 per cent from $4,850 in 2009 to $5,000 in 2010 (Table 1); in real terms, the increase was 0.3 per cent (Department of Statistics Singapore, 2010). Table 1 Monthly Household Income from Work Among Resident Households Year Median Household Income Average Household Income Dollar Nominal Change (%) Real Change (%) Dollar Nominal Change (%) Real Change (%) 2000 3,638 3.9 2.6 4,988 5.7 4.2 2001 3,860 6.1 5.0 5,338 7.0 5.9 2002 3,628 -6.0 -5.6 5,069 -5.0 -4.7 2003 3,601 -0.7 -1.2 5,075 0.1 -0.4 2004 3,689 2.4 0.8 5,194 2.3 0.7 2005 3,860 4.6 4.1 5,447 4.9 4.4 2006 4,000 3.6 2.6 5,715 4.9 3.9 2007 4,375 9.4 7.1 6,295 10.1 7.9 2008 4,946 13.1 6.0 7,086 12.6 5.6 2009 4,850 -1.9 -2.5 6,826 -3.7 -4.2 2010 5,000 3.1 0.3 7,214 5.7 2.8 Source: Department of Statistics Singapore (2011) â€Å"Key Household Income Trends, 2010† Among employedhousehold, with at least one working person, median monthly income from work increased by 5.7 per cent in nominal terms (from $5,400 in 2009 to $5,700 in 2010) and 2.8 per cent in real terms (Table 2). Table 2 Monthly Household Income from Work Among Employed Households Year Median Household Income Average Household Income Dollar Nominal Change (%) Real Change (%) Dollar Nominal Change (%) Real Change (%) 2000 4,000 5.3 3.9 5,456 7.0 5.6 2001 4,141 3.5 2.5 5,736 5.1 4.1 2002 4,038 -2.5 -2.1 5,572 -2.9 -2.5 2003 4,050 0.3 -0.2 5,618 0.8 0.3 2004 4,106 1.4 -0.3 5,761 2.5 0.9 2005 4,345 5.8 5.3 6,052 5.1 4.6 2006 4,495 3.5 2.5 6,280 3.8 2.8 2007 4,883 8.6 6.4 6,889 9.7 7.4 2008 5,475 12.1 5.2 7,752 12.5 5.5 2009 5,398 -1.4 -2.0 7,549 -2.6 -3.2 2010 5,704 5.7 2.8 8,058 6.7 3.8 Source: Department of Statistics Singapore (2011) â€Å"Key Household Income Trends, 2010† Overall, the monthly household income has increased in Singapore in the year 2010. However, there are differences in the increase between the lower-income families and the higher-income families which cause the widening income gap in Singapore. Gini Coefficient The income gap between household incomes from work per household member among employed households increased marginally in 2010. The Gini coefficient, increased slightly in 2010. In particular, including employer CPF contributions5, the Gini coefficient was 0.472 in 2010, compared to 0.471 in 2009 (Figure 1). Adjusting in addition for government benefits and taxes, the Gini coefficient was 0.452 in 2010 (Yeoh, 2007/2008). Source: Department of Statistics Singapore (2011) â€Å"Key Household Income Trends, 2010† Figure 2 below shows the Gini coefficient5 trend for Singapore from 1974 to 2006. Figure 2. Singapore Gini Coefficient from 1974 2007 Data from 2000 2007:Department of Statistics Singapore (2008)Source: Data from 1975 1999: Mukhopadhaya, Pundarik (2001) LINK BETWEEN GLOBALISATION AND WIDENING INCOME GAP What role has globalisation played in changes in income inequality? Most research on this issue has been concentrated in recent years on the changes in income inequality in the high-income countries. Discussion has mainly focussed on whether the widening wage gap is due to increased imports of labour intensive goods from developing countries (pushing down demand for low-wage labour) or technological change—in particular, improvements in information technology (increasing demand for high-skilled labour relative to demand for low-skilled labour). But besides these two factors, other factors thought to contribute are: slower growth in the supply of skilled workers (pushing up their wages relative to the wages of less-skilled workers); increased workforce participation of women and increased immigration of low skilled workers (pushing down wages of less-skilled labour); and the waning powers of trade unions (for a survey of the literature, see Tyers, Duncan and Martin 1999). Economics research generally gives more support to improvements in technology as being most important, and much more important than increased trade with developing countries (see Tyers, Duncan, and Martin 1999). Low and middle income countries account for about 80 per cent of the worlds industrial workforce and manufactures comprise about 60 per cent of their exports (up from 20 per cent in the 1960s). In line with predictions from economic theory, Williamson (1997) argues that the increased flow of labour-intensive goods and unskilled labour from developing countries to high-income countries in the latter half of the 20th Century reduced demand for lowskilled labour in the high-income countries, increasing income inequality in these countries. He argues that this is consistent with the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model that says that trade will tend to equalise factor payments, leading to greater cross-country income equality for low-skilled labour, increasing income inequality in the high-income countries, and increasing income equality in the lower-income countries. More importantly, he notes that in the earlier golden period of globalisation (1870 to 1913), the growing income inequality in the then higher income countries led to the reversal of globalisation (including restrictions on immigration) and the devastating 1921-38 period. REASONS FOR WIDENING INCOME GAP The underlying characteristic for the recent growing disparity is the difference in income growth for the bottom 20% and top 20% households (Yeoh, 2007/2008). Table 3 illustrates the different income growth rates for each income group since 2000. Table 3. Annual Income Growth for Various Income Groups Income Groups Real Annual Change in Average Monthly Household Income per Household Member (%) 2000 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 Bottom 10% 2.4 6.6 3.3 Bottom 11 20% 0.5 5.2 3.6 Top 11 20% 3.7 5.7 6.0 Top 10% 4.3 8.0 11.1 Source: Department of Statistics Singapore (2008). Key Household Income Trends 2007. Generally, the bottom 20% experienced slower growth rates than the top 20% of income earners during 2000 to 2007. Moreover, the ratio of average income of the top 20% to lowest 20%8 worsened from 9.99 in 2000 to 12.90 in 2007. Hence, these ratios show a widening income disparity between top and bottom income earners. Economists have also noted an understated stagnation of income amongst the middle class households that form the middle 60% of the income ladder. However, more employed households have moved up the social and financial ladder in 2007 as compared to 2006 (Yeoh, 2007/2008). There are differences between the different racial groups in Singapore as well. Table 4 below shows the income changes for each racial group in 2000 and 2005. Table 4. Income of the Major Racial Groups in Singapore Chinese Malays Indians Others 2000 2005 2000 2005 2000 2005 2000 2005 Average Monthly Household Income from Work ($) 5220 5630 3150 3440 4560 5170 7250 7250 Change (%) 7.9% 9.2% 13.4% 17.2% Source: Department of Statistics Singapore (2006) â€Å"General Household Survey 2005 Statistical Release 2: Transport,Overseas Travel, Housing and Household Characteristics†. As depicted in Table 4, the wage difference between the Malays and other races remain very alarming. From 2000 to 2005, among all the racial groups in Singapore, Malays had the lowest increase in income as compared to other races. With regard to income disparity between occupations, skilled professionals continue to earn more than unskilled workers, and have extended their lead further since 1996. Figure 3 below shows the ratio of the respective occupations wages to the unskilled occupations wages. Hence, this relative stagnation of wage growth amongst the unskilled would certainly have an effect on the widening income disparity between the two ends of the occupational spectrum as shown in Figure 3. IMPACTS OF WIDENING INCOME GAP Singaporeans are mainly concerned about the inflation which has raised about 3%-4% this year (Channelnews 17 February 2011) and skyrocketed housing prices in Singapore. Thus, many Singaporeans are unable to retire as they do not have the financial stability to sustain the high cost of living without being employed. According to the survey carried out by The Straits Times, this is the income gap situation: The average incomes of the top 20 per cent of households rose by 53 per cent from $12,091 to $18,472 from 1997/98 to 2007/08. By comparison, the average incomes of the poorest 20 per cent of households were kept down as a result of globalization, competition from emerging economies and new technology. They fell by 2.7 per cent over the same period from $1,309 to $1,274. The living conditions of the lower income households in Singapore will cause them to lose enthusiasm and motivation for work, thus the productivity will decrease and in turn lead to stagnation of the economy. In the short run, the large proportion of the poor and their lower marginal propensity to consume will lead to a lower injection multiplier and possible slower growth. In the long run, if the widening income gap in Singapore is done put to a stop, many people will fall into the poverty trap. As George Orwell laments, â€Å"Being poor isnt about not having anything today, it is about knowing youll have nothing tomorrow.† Inequality and injustice in the society will also make people gradually lose national cohesion, and hence menace to act as a centrifugal force that tears the social fabric of our nation apart. The long-term stability of Singapores society will be severely disturbed. The widening income gap is inclined to inflict social cohesion and undermine trust in the society. At the same time, it will impair social capital thus compromise the stability of the society. Uslaner Brown found a correlation between the amount of trust and the amount of income equality. It can be explained that people can gain sense of security from high income equality therefore they are expected to trust each other. A related study by Putnam also demonstrated that economic equality tends to lead to a high level of social capital (or â€Å"connections among individuals†). People will show a tendency of engaging others and hence strong social connectedness and civic engagement can be forged. (Uslaner and Brown, 2002). In view of the squeeze on income of middle class, the incessant wide income gap will also produce more ‘quitters which is a term popularized by Singapores then Prime Minister Mr. Goh Chok Tong. This word indicates that the rich nowadays are more globally-connected but less locally-disengaged (Goodman, 2003).The well-heeled are more likely to show off their conspicuous wealth and this pushes the government to loosen its tightfisted stance on welfare in the national budget as it tries to defuse criticism of its policies which burdened the plight of the common people. On the other hand, the enduring income disparity will impel the middle class to seek greener pastures overseas thus choose to emigrate. In the long run, the economic development and competitiveness of Singapore will be suppressed due to the resultant brain-drain. According to Yeoh â€Å"A new social compact for Singapore†, rising income equality will impair the governments credibility in imposing policies as well such as raising income tax rates. It is significant that we have already seen public outcry and debate on such policies. The implicit social contract between the people and the government supports Singapores remarkable economic success. The widening income gap and the perception that a large proportion of the population has little access to the growth process and no share in the prosperity despite their ability and willingness to work has slowly but surely eroded this social contract. The ramifications of such a perception is indeed as the policymakers noted: â€Å"society would learn that economic growth would not always be the answer, and would begin to question and debate priorities and trade-offs†¦the policy issues that need to be re-examined are largely social and political.† This in turn translates into the shattering of the implicit social contract the ruling party has with its electorate, making it increasingly hard for the government to execute unpopular policies. Already we are hearing a chorus of dissent over recent policy decisions such as the ministerial wage hikes or the Goods and Service Tax increase, as well as the inextinguishable calls for increasing political openness, freedom to stage outdoor protests, among others. The present-day influence of rising income inequality will create a class-conscious Singapore. The widening income gap and the wage stagnation threaten to destabilize the society as well as weaken the economy. Rising income disparity is also likely to arouse the social discontentment, reduce the credibility of the government as well as increase emigration of middle class. POLICIES IMPLEMENTED Growing the Economy and Maximising Opportunities GPC Chair for Community Development, Youth and Sports Seah Kian Peng said: One part is to keep the economy running and booming like what it is now, just like what we have experienced last year. What it means is that unemployment is very low and we know that the majority of people are earning a salary and as the economy booms, the government will be in a position to also, in any budget, consider how it could possibly distribute and share the growth with as many Singaporeans as possible. We have to focus on growth and embrace globalisation, but manage its downsides and make it work for everyone. We will do this by maximising opportunities for all Singaporeans — the opportunities to get a good education, to work or grow a business, to retrain yourself and upgrade, and to own your own home. We must maximise opportunities for all, but we must also accept that doing so does not result in equal rewards for all. We should never reduce the incentive for Singaporeans to work and to make the most of their skills and talents, so as to get higher reward for themselves. That has to be the basis for our society, for how we keep our economy growing, and for how living standards of Singaporeans can rise over time.† In conclusion, our first priority to help the low-income group is to grow the economy. It is essential to attract new investments, grow new businesses, and create new and better paying jobs to replace old ones. As we grow the economy, it is important to ensure that no one is left behind and that all Singaporeans have the opportunity to succeed. Over the years, the Government has been helping the lower-income groups through various assistance measures. Since 2001, the Government has distributed more than $7.5 billion through the Progress Package, U-Save and SCC rebates, CPF top-ups and New Singapore Shares, to share budget surpluses with Singaporeans. In all these distributions, deliberate efforts were made to ensure that the lower-income groups get the greatest benefits. But going forward, we have to do more to help needy Singaporeans, and to do it more systematically. This is one of the challenges that the government faces and have to solve. Government Schemes Over the years, Singapore has introduced various schemes such as GST Credits, Senior Citizen Bonus and rebates on utilities, rental and service and conservancy charges. The GST (Goods Service Tax) is one of the ways to help the lower-income families affected by the widening age gap. A zero-rate Goods and Services Tax (GST) policy on household essentials is an effective measure to help lower-income families. Finance Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam, said: The bulk of the GST is collected from the top 40 per cent of the population and foreigners †¦ and we use the benefit to help those at the lower end. So if you talk about exempting food or any other essentials from GST, youre really taking away a source of revenue were getting mainly from those at the upper end and foreigners and reducing our ability to help those at the lower end. He added that lower-income Singaporeans get more Government benefits each year than the amount they pay in GST. The government has also revamped their policies and more citizens are now able to receive payouts and rebates according to their income. On average, the various government schemes added $1,110 per household member to resident households in 2010. The various government schemes gave a larger boost to those staying in smaller housing types. Resident households in HDB 1- and 2-room flats received an average of $2,650 per household member while resident households in HDB 3-room flats received an average of $1,480 per household member. This was higher than the $530 per household member for households in private properties. With the subsidies, it ensures that the lower-income group will be less burdened with debts for housing and other utilities. POLICIES THAT SHOULD BE IMPLEMENTED Singapore needs policies which can help the needy, disadvantaged and poor, in order to increase their income and reduce the widening income gap in Singapore. However, at the same time the government must not compromise economic growth and funding sustainability. Basically, Singapore has to find a perfect balance between income equality, strong economic growth and prudence in finances, where income disparity can be reduced without affecting growth prospects and budget discipline (Yeoh, 2007/2008). Expanding the Work fare of Older Workers The Workfare Income Supplement scheme (WIS) seems to be the policy that is able to have the balance and is able to cover the middle ground. The scheme is laudable even though a large amount of money is involved, in the form of quantum of pay. This policy reduces the income disparity by raising income levels of the lower income workers, and encourages long term employment (Yeoh, 2007/2008). It is argued that the current net payout of around $80 to $100 per month is insufficient for workers to accumulate surplus for further training and education (Yeoh Kam Leong, 2007). To address this problem, the WIS scheme also provides opportunities for worker

The Passion of Mountain Bikes :: Mountain Bikes Transportation Essays

The Passion of Mountain Bikes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has been a decade in the making, but the mountain bike has become a passion for many people. Along with this passion it has also become the most environmental way to get from point A to B. It has gone through a very intense evolution process over the past decade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It all started with some guys from California who took their bikes out for a ride on their day off, they modified their bikes and turned a hobby of theirs into a worldwide phenomenon. The mountain bike's rapid increase in popularity was influenced by social and economic situations, and by technological improvements that had the needs of bike riders in mind. The introduction of the mountain bike at a bike convention in Long Beach, California, early in the 1980's coincided with the need for a bike that combined technical superiority, ease of care, and multipurpose use.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technological advances came extremely fast after it's introduction into the world. The advances have made riding mountain bikes easier, which makes it possible for the rider to explore new terrain. I hope that this report will be able to provide some information on the subject of mountain bikes and the advances in technology that the bike has gone through, and what might be in the future of the mountain bike.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The road bike has taken more than a hundred years to evolve into the frame that it is being used on todays bicycle. Because of the increasingly popularity of the mountain bike the demand for advances to be made have come very rapidly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The evolution of the mountain bike has been a stormy one over the past decade. Within one decade the design has changed radically; this is due to three reasons. First , because geometry and design were copied from the first "Stone- Age bikes"; second, because off-road riding created different problems ; and third, because innovative frame design mirrored the "spirit of the times": young, new, dynamic, and strong. The off-road bike required extra stability. Frame   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is important to know the basic frame geometry and how to measure it. The combination of tube length and angle determines not only the maneuverability of the bike, but also determines the seating position and the transfer of power. Variances of 1 ° of the headset angle, or a 1' (2cm) difference in the distance between the rear-wheel axle and the center of the bottom bracket, can have very serious consequences. Frame Geometry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The basic elements of frame geometry are: A- Height of the seat tube; B- Length of the top tube; C- Seat-tube angle; D- Headset-tube angle; E- Trail, F-

Details About HRM

As human resource management is concerned with the people dimension in organization, at first, we should know organization in detail. Organizations are human associations in which two or more people seek to achieve a common goal or set of goals. In other word, organizations are established by the people and for the people. It consists of people working together through interrelationships and interactions. Organizations are created to achieve different goals. To achieve goals it should run various activities. Therefore an organization must consist of a structure, which defines jobs and relationships. In organization, different levels and division of jobs are defined to achieve specialization through division of labours. Organization design and job descriptions are the part of organizational structure, which limit the behaviour of the members in organizations. Organizations depend on people to make them operate. An organization is nothing without resources. If we remove the employees from the organization, there is nothing but a pile raw material, machines, and physical commodities. Organization consists of the combination of different resources, among which human resource is the superior. But how did these people come to be employees in the organizations; How were they found and selected? Why do they come to work on a regular basis? Hoe do they know what to do on their jobs? How does management know if the employees are performing adequately? It they are not, what can be done about it? Answers of these questions lie in the subject of human resource management. But before we attempt to understand how and organization should manage its human resources, we need to answer the generic question, what is management? Management is the process of efficiently getting work activities completed with and through other people. An organization consists of goals and limited resources. To achieve goals, different activities are to be done. As there is limited resources, to get activities completed, the resources should be allocated properly. Simply, management is the act of allocating scare resources to achieve goals and getting required activities completed with and through other people. The management process includes the planning, organizing, leading and controlling activities that take place to accomplish bjectives. Managing people in an organization is human resource management. Since every organization is made up of people, acquiring their services, developing their skills, motivating them to high levels of performance and ensuring that they continue to maintain their commitment to the organization are essential to achieving organizational objectives. This is true regardless of the type of organizat ion-government, business, education, health or social organizational objectives. This is true regardless of the type of organization-government, business, education, health or social welfare. Organizational effectiveness depends largely on the performance of people working in organizations. Management concerned to increase in performance of human resources is human resource management. It aims at achieving organizational goals through improvements in the productive contribution of people. It is concerned with philosophy, principles and practices related to human aspects of management. It keeps balance between the goals of organization and the goals of the individual.

Fundamentals of Interior Design Essay Example

Fundamentals of Interior Design Essay Example Fundamentals of Interior Design Essay Fundamentals of Interior Design Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: : Fundamentals of Interior Design 1. Gestalt refers to a broad description of the theories that make accord and diversity achievable in interior design. This theory is involved with understanding the art psychology as well as visual perception. Gestalt is concerned with the relationships between the whole and parts of the whole composition. Its principles may include proximity, symmetry and similarity among others. 2. (a) Vertical lines-They suggest a feeling of superiority and divinity. Lines drawn erect bring a perception of extending upwards to the sky. They are common in public buildings such as cathedrals. (b) Horizontal lines-They suggest a feeling of repose as objects similar to the world are deemed at rest. (c) Diagonal lines-They suggest a sense of movement in a particular direction. They look like they are about to fall or are in motion (Dodsworth 12). In two dimensions, diagonal lines indicate depth. (d) Curved lines-Shallow curves present an aspect of safety and relaxation. Curves also have a pleasing quality, as they are similar to body curves. 3. Two-dimensional form is shapes having two aspects that are height and width for example the flat surface of drawings, paintings and images. Three-dimensional form are shapes with three aspects-length, width and depth. These forms can exist in actual space as an illusion of mass and volume on a two dimensional surface. 4. Texture refers to the actual or visual qualities that any work of art posses. Texture may be felt on the materials used to create art or perceived by an individual as mimicking the surface of another substance. 5. A pattern is a type of decoration design that is recurring in a predictable manner. 6. Ornaments are accessories used to beautify parts of an object. They are usually adorned by models or used to embellish buildings. 7. Opacity is the degree to which an object is unable to allow light to penetrate it. 8. Transparency is the property of an object that allows light to be fully transmitted through it. 9. Translucency is the property of an object that allows partial transmission of light because of diffusive properties. 10. Scale refers to how an object relates to the size of another object compared to it for example a large sofa in a small room. Proportion refers to the ratio between the sizes of objects while size refers to how big or small an object is. 11. Radial symmetry refers to a body plan where an objected can be divided into equal halves along a central axis while bilateral symmetry is a body plan in which the right and left sides of the body can be split into similar images along the midline. Chapter 9: Materials and Their Uses 1. Structural elements are major parts of a project or work that forms the foundation and ensures the stability of buildings or other objects for example trusses and columns while non-structural elements comprise of elements of a building that are not part of the main load-supporting system. 2. Masonry is the technical profession of erecting structures by binding them together with mortar. Masons use concrete, cement and cast stone as their main materials (Dodsworth 56). 3. Natural materials are products that originate from animals, plants or the Earth. They can be extracted through mining such as wood, cotton and copper. 4. Processed materials are products that have been developed by humans from raw materials for example paper from wood. 5. Synthetic materials are products created through scientific means as a substitute for the natural materials for example nylon and polyester. 6. Softwood trees are conifers, evergreen and gymnosperm for example pines, Cedar, Cypress 7. Hardwood trees are deciduous and are found in cold climates for example oak, Mapel and mahogany. 8. Veneers are the thin pieces of wood usually less than three millimeters that are glued to medium density core panels to produce flat surfaces. 9. The type and size of screws to be used on a project have to be considered. The screws should be able to hold both boards in place without splitting the wood or poking out. The methods of connecting wood must be determined that is should one use a dovetail, butt of mortise and tenon joint (Dodsworth 34). Chapter 12: Textiles 1. Cotton and wool 2. Polyester and Rayon 3. Calendaring and crease-resistant finishes. The purpose of finishes is to perform treatments and other processes that make a fabric suitable for its proposed use. 4. carbon based as well as cellulose based fibers 5.Calendering where fabric is pressed under high temperatures while folded. Secondly, decatising entailing the permanent finish to avert shrinkage in future use of fabric. Chapter 5: The Design Process 1. The Beaux Arts method refers to a teaching curriculum in the study of architecture that was developed by Ecole des Beaux-Arts and which involves instructing students in an atelier environment an also includes observational drawing, systematic design methodology and architectural drafting among other subjects. 2. Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a statistical instrument that illustrates the different tasks required for the completion of a project. 3. Critical path method (CPM) is an algorithm used to schedule the different project activities in project management. 4. Concept art is an illustration of art with the purpose of conveying an image representation of an idea or design before it is actualized in a film or book. Concept sketches are therefore the representations of people’s ideas in sketches. 5. Axonometric drawing is the creation of images where the object is rotated along one or more of its axes comparative to the level surface of projection. 6. Blueprints contain scales that are read by an engineer’s ruler. They also contain contour lines and benchmarks to how if the ground will be graded or not. They also show the entire scope of the project, as well as the required materials and equipment. Chapter 1, Introduction 1. Residential – 43% Commercial or industrial – 37% Institutional – 15% Miscellaneous – 5% Work Cited Pile, John F, and Arnold Friedmann. Interior Design. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. Print.

Expert Tips on Comic Book Script Format Writing

Expert Tips on Comic Book Script Format Writing Comic Book Script Format Writing Tips Comic Book Script Format Writing Tips Nowadays, people can easily find different forms of entertainment online. Watching movies, videos, listening to the music can easily replace reading books, magazines and comic books. At present, comic books suffer the most, as they can easily be found online and there is no need for readers to leave their homes to go to the store and spend money for things they can get for free. Nevertheless, writing comics still remains one of the most popular tasks among many people. Why is it so? The answer is simple; many individuals want to escape from the reality of the world they are living in by engaging in comic books reading. Numerous, so-called, escapists find this way of spending time interesting and quite exciting. However, comic book writing can become even more exciting than reading it. If you want to know how to write a comic book or learn more about comic book script format, our article will be helpful! Expert Advices How to Write a Comic Script If you do not know how to write a comic but you really want to try, follow the steps described below. Our comic book writing tips will show you where to start. Before writing a comic book, you should answer some questions: What the comic is going to be about? Who are the main characters and what are they going to do? Every story, whether it is a novel or just a comic, is based on some event and some characters. People, creatures, etc. you describe in your comic book will form a core of your story. That is why it is extremely important to pay particular attention to them. Remember that readers will not necessarily remember the plot of your book or some background details. The only thing they may memorize is your character. Do you know what the first book in the series of comics about Batman is about? Probably not. However, everyone knows who Batman is. Just like that, you should create a memorable character who will be bright and interesting enough to remember. Besides, you should work on the dialogs and monologs to give your character temper and to make people better understand whom they are dealing with. As an example, you can take any comic book character outline and see what makes him/her/it special. However, make sure you do not duplicate anything. No one is interested in one more Superman. Specific feature of comic writing is that it requires drawing. It is not only about writing a good plot but also about visual presentation of your heroes. If you do not know how to become a comic book writer, you should remember that it requires two components: writing and drawing skills. Sure, you can involve a good artist to help you but you will need to make him/her interested enough to start working with you. Still, do not upset, if your character seems a bit silly at first. Even professionals try different prototypes before they come up with a single image of a main character. In order to write a really fascinating comic book, you should know how to write a comic book script. It is not as simple as it may seem. Sure, you can find tons of information on how to write comics online but much of it can confuse you. If you choose to follow out outline, the next step will be to create a plot of your story. In other words, you will have to think about what to do with your characters. One interesting thing about writing a comic book is that you should now start if you do not know how the story is going to end! Just think about it. If you know the ending, it will be easier for you to bring your characters there. Moreover, it will be easier for you to create a reasonable chronology and write logical informative and interesting dialogues. So, try to start your story with creating its ending. The other tip regarding comic book plot is that you have to think about a storyline, which will be understandable without much text in it. Do not forget that comics are mostly about watching then reading. To reach success in comic script writing, the characters should also be placed in specific timeframes and location. This method will have you to stay focused and will also make it easier for you to create a background of the story. You will not be drawing castles if the events of your story occur at present times in, let us say, New York. You can look for comic book scripts for artists online to understand the specific of this genre better. Still, the thing to remember is that every step described above will lead you to creation of an interesting plot with memorable characters. Format of a comic book is one of its most essential parts. If you have created an interesting character and managed to come up with a fascinating timeline, it does not mean that you can sit and write a comic book right away. The deal is that every comic book requires following a specific format. Marvel Studio is one of the most professional studios in relation to comic books creation. So, if you want to know how to write a comic book outline, you should definitely check on marvel comic book scripts. They will give you understanding not only of format but also of how to create without exaggeration outstanding heroes and stories. The most important thing is not to turn your comic into a novel with illustrations. If you see that writing is what makes most of your story, maybe you should try writing a novel instead of a comic book? Comic book writing requires mastering of its script format. Only if you know how to present your ideas properly, you will be able to come up with something worthy. The difficulty of a script format is in that; the text you write should express not only what the character speaks but also how it is done. For example, small-size letters will stand for whispering, while capital letter can express screaming. Text in dialog panel will represent actual talking, while the text outside of it can show what the character thinks about or represent some general background information. It is also important to remember that the dialog panels should have prefixes so the reader could distinguish who says what on a picture. Yes, do not forget that you will also need to learn how to represent sound visually! The basics described in this article will help you to make your first steps towards becoming a great comic writer!